Introduction
The Democratic Socialist Project aims to investigate the practice of democratic socialism in the twenty-first century, and to undertake a global survey of its strength and prospects.
We start with a significant challenge. “A consistent theory of DS […] does not yet exist.” 1 In fact, definitions of the term vary so widely2 that some analysts have argued it has no practical application. To make matters worse, 'democratic' and 'socialist' are both contentious terms in their own right.
We have opted for a realist/materialist solution here. Rather than trying to weave disparate strands together, we have begun with a working definition derived from the practice of two organizations that identify as democratic socialist: the Democratic Socialists of America and Die Linke in Germany. Profiles of these and other organizations are available here, and more will be added over the course of the survey.
| Working definition |
| Democratic socialism is a political movement in which members build support and organization for social justice and economic democracy. It differs from most 20th century models of socialism in three important ways:
1) Members seek influence through elections as well as organizing to challenge and replace the underlying capitalist system. This duality often confuses analysts. In some cases, parties endorse and support independent candidates, rather than fielding a slate under their own name. 2) Members reject control from above and seek new forms of leadership and collective decision-making through participative democracy. 3) The organization accepts factions (aka caucuses) if these arise, such as eco-socialists, feminists, decolonisation activists, LGBTQ+ activists, Marxists, trade union activists, etc. Such groups can openly contend (alongside independent members) for influence within the governance structure. |
Taken together, these three things mean that democratic socialist groups can develop dynamically as circumstances change. However, such adaptability can also make these groups difficult to classify, and easy to misrepresent.
The Survey
| Country | Organization* | Formed | Members |
| Australia | The Socialist Alliance | 2001 | 1,650 (2021) |
| Austria | Der Wandel / Change | 2012 | ... |
| Belgium | Mouvement Demain / The Tomorrow Movement | 2017 | 1,500 |
| Belgium | Partij van de Arbeid van België / The Workers’ Party of Belgium | 1979 | 25,000 (2024) |
| Bolivia | Movimiento al Socialismo / The Movement for Socialism | 1997 | 1,082,645 (2025) |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Radničko-komunistička partija Bosne i Hercegovine / The Workers' Communist Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2000 | ... |
| Brazil | Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra / The Landless Workers Movement ![]() |
1984 | 1,500,000 (2007) |
| Brazil | Partido Socialismo e Liberdade / The Socialism and Liberty Party | 2004 | 290,000 (2019) |
| Bulgaria | Българската левица / The Bulgarian Left | 2009 | 6,000 (2012) |
| Canada | The Democratic Socialists of Canada | 2020 | ... |
| Chile | Frente Amplio / The Broad Front | 2024 | 61,000 (2024) |
| Costa Rica | Frente Amplio / The Broad Front Party | 2004 | ... |
| Croatia | Radnička Fronta / The Workers' Front | 2014 | ... |
| Czech Republic | Levice / The Left | 2020 | ... |
| Denmark | Enhedslisten / De Rød-Grønne / Unity List – the Red–Green Alliance | 1989 | 10,000 (2019) |
| Denmark | Socialistisk Folkeparti / The Green Left | 1959 | 8,995 (2022) |
| Ecuador | Movimiento Revolución Ciudadana / The Citizen Revolution Movement | 2018 | 200,000 (2022) |
| Egypt | Eish we Horria / The Bread and Freedom Party | 2013 | ... |
| Eswatini | Insika Yenkhululeko YemaSwati / The People's United Democratic Movement / Pudemo | 1983 | ... |
| Finland | Vasemmistoliitto / The Left Alliance | 1990 | 11,500 (2020) |
| France | Génération.s | 2017 | 50,000 (2018) |
| Germany | Die Linke / The Left Party ![]() |
2007 | 120,000 (2025) |
| Honduras | Libertad y Refundación / The Liberty and Refoundation / Libre | 2011 | ... |
| Hungary | Igen Szolidaritás Magyarországért Mozgalom / The Yes Solidarity for Hungary Movement / ISZOMM | 2020 | ... |
| Iceland | Sósíalistaflokkurinn / The Socialist Party of Iceland | 2017 | ... |
| Japan | 新社会党 / The New Socialist Party of Japan | 1996 | ... |
| Lithuania | KArtu / Together | 2022 | 2,093 (2024) |
| Luxembourg | Déi Lénk / The Left | 1999 | 650 (2023) |
| Malaysia | Parti Sosialis Malaysia / The Socialist Party of Malaysia | 1998 | ... |
| Mauritius | Mouvement Militant Mauricien / The Mauritian Militant Movement | 1969 | ... |
| Mexico | Partido del Trabajo / The Labor Party | 1990 | ... |
| Moldova | Partidul Acțiunii Comune – Congresul Civic / The Common Action Party - Civil Congress | 2019 | 5,518 (2020) |
| Norway | Rødt / The Red Party | 2007 | 13,131 (2024) |
| Pakistan | عوامی ورکرز پارٹی / The Awami Workers' Party | 2012 | >5,000 (2018) |
| Pakistan | حقوقِ خلق پارٹی / The Haqooq-e-Khalq Party | 2022 | ... |
| Poland | Akcja Socjalistyczna / Socialist Action | 2020? | ... |
| Poland | Polska Partia Socjalistyczna / The Polish Socialist Party | 1987 | ... |
| Portugal | Bloco de Esquerda / The Left Bloc | 1999 | 10,000 (2022) |
| Puerto Rico | Movimiento Socialista de los Trabajadores / The Workers' Socialist Movement | 1982 | ... |
| Serbia | Партија радикалне левице / The Party of the Radical Left | 2020 | ... |
| Slovakia | Socialisti.sk | 2019 | ... |
| Slovenia | Levica / The Left | 2014 | ... |
| South Africa | Abahlali baseMjondolo / The Residents of the Shacks ![]() |
2005 | 180,000 (2025) |
| Spain | Podemos | 2014 | ... |
| Sweden | Vänsterpartiet / The Left Party | 1917 | 27,000 (2023) |
| Syria | Ḥizb al-Ba‘th al-Dīmuqrāṭī al-‘Arabī al-Ishtirākī / The Arab Democratic Socialist Ba'ath Party | 1970 | ... |
| Taiwan | 人民民主黨 / The People's Democratic Party | 2011 | ... |
| Tanzania | Chama cha Wazalendo / The Alliance for Change and Transparency | 2014 | ... |
| Timor-Leste | Frente Revolucionária do Timor-Leste Independente / Fretilin | 1974 | ... |
| Tunisia | Ḥarakat ed-Dīmoqrāṭiyīn el-Ishtirākiyīn / The Movement of Socialist Democrats | 1981 | ... |
| Turkey | Halkların Demokratik Partisi / The Peoples' Democratic Party | 2012 | 14,539 (2025) |
| Turkey | Yeşiller ve Sol Gelecek Partisi / The Green Left Party | 2023 | ... |
| United Kingdom | Your Party ![]() |
2025 | 55,000 (2025) |
| United States of America | The Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism | 1991 | ... |
| United States of America | The Democratic Socialists of America ![]() |
1982 | 95,000 (2026) |
| * The extent to which some of these groups fit our working definition is still to be determined; we expect this list to change over the course of the survey. | |||
Important:
This list was last substantially revised in January 2026.
Please note that we do not intend to survey mainstream social democratic organizations (ie not socialist), nor autocratic/patrimonial organizations (ie not democratic). Nor will we look at coalitions or groups that have dissolved into electoral alliances. In most cases we exclude groups whose membership is restricted by region, religion or cultural identity. If you can help us with corrections or updates, we'd love to hear from you! Contact form.
Regional and international bodies
As well as the national bodies listed above, there are also various regional and international alliances on the democratic/left spectrum. None of these identifies specifically as democratic socialist, however several of them include a high proportion of democratic socialist members, most notably:
Progressive International“We are workers, peasants, and peoples of the world rising up against the reactionary forces of authoritarian oligarchy. Our aim is international organization: to combine forces across borders in order to reclaim the planet as our own.”
Member organisations are listed here: https://progressive.international/members
Global Ecosocialist Network"The Global Ecosocialist Network is an international association of socialists formed in response to the catastrophic ecological crisis rapidly engulfing our world."
Member organisations are listed here: http://www.globalecosocialistnetwork.net/category/affiliatedgroups/
International People's AssemblyThe International Peoples' Assembly is a global network of people's organizations, social movements, political parties, and trade unions.
Member organisations are listed here: https://ipa-aip.org/who-we-are/
Party of the European Left“...we stand united with grassroots organizations, left wing and progressives parties, trade unions and of course – you. With your support, we’re determined to reshape European policy. We’re carving a path toward a Europe that’s peaceful, socially just, environmentally conscious, feminist, and anti-racist.”
Member organisations are listed here: https://www.european-left.org/about-us/our-parties/
Now the People (Europe only)“Together with popular movements, we fight for social and climate justice, solidarity, equality and democracy in Europe. We embody the main counter force to austerity and liberal policies imposed by the right-wing for decades. We fight for a Europe that puts people’s needs before the interests of multinationals.”
Member organisations are listed here: https://nowthepeople.eu/
The European Left Alliance“A project for economic and social justice in which everyone would contribute according to their income and where wealth is redistributed. A project to really combat global warming and its severe consequences and to protect nature while supporting working-people in the transition.”
Member organisations are listed here: https://leftalliance.eu/news/a-new-left-european-political-party-to-better-resist-act-and-hope/
The São Paulo Forum (mostly Latin American and Caribbean countries)Participants in this conference include democratic socialist and social-democratic parties, left-wing grassroots labor and social movements, ethnic and environmentalist groups, anti-imperialist and nationalist organizations and communist parties, united in struggle against neoliberalism. Most participants are based in Latin America or the Caribbean.
Member organisations are listed here: https://forodesaopaulo.org/partidos-4/
About
People who have assisted in the development of this project and the framing up of the survey include:
• Peter Hall-Jones (project admin and communications)
• Dr Sue Bradford, PhD, DipJ (project consultant)
• Dr Vincent Wijeysingha, PhD, BA, PGDip, RSW (project consultant)
• Dr Terence Wood, PhD, MDS (survey consultant)
Regional advisors
We also want to express our gratitude to an informal group of unionists, labor academics and left activists around the world who have been helping us with updates and commentary. Local knowledge and analysis of the national context is crucial to the success of this project. We couldn't do it without you!
Context
Figure 1: Distribution of income/wealth across the world's population
Source: World Inequality Report 2026, Executive Summary
Figure 2: The richest 0.001% own three times more than the bottom 50%
Source: World Inequality Report 2026, Executive Summary
Figure 3: Average annual wealth growth over the past 30 years
Source: Guardian graphic based on World Inequality Report 2026, Executive Summary
Figure 4: Income by world population decile, 1820-2023
Source: Our World in Data graphic based on World Inequality Report 2025
Figure 5: Annual CO2 emissions continue to increase rapidly
Source: Science: The Wire from Global Carbon Project 2022
Figure 6: Survey of 22 developed countries:
"The way my country’s economy works should prioritise the health and wellbeing of people and nature rather than focusing solely on profit and increasing wealth in my country."
Source: Earth 4 All global survey
Figure 7: Survey of 22 developed countries:
"Do you support a wealth tax on wealthy people to fund changes to our economies and lifestyles?"
Source: Earth 4 All global survey
Figure 8: Surveying people's feelings about the world we live in (2025)
"The wealthy's selfishness causes many of our problems"
Agreed:
"The wealthy don't pay their fair share of taxes"
Agreed:
"Compared to today, the next generation will be better off"
Agreed:
Source: Edelman Trust Barometer 2025
Figure 9: Surveying people's feelings about the world we live in (2020)
"I do not have confidence that our current leaders will be able to successfully address our country's challenges"
Agreed:
"Capitalism as it exists today does more harm than good in the world"
Agreed:
Source: Edelman Trust Barometer 2020
Country-level support for the statement: "Capitalism as it exists today does more harm than good in the world":
Source: Caixabank Research graphic using data from Edelman Trust Barometer 2020
Figure 10: State of the global workplace
(The numbers in boxes represent % change from 2024 data)
Source: Gallup: State of the global workplace 2025
Figure 11: Tracking the world's emotional health
Source: Gallup: Tracking the World's Emotional Health
Figure 12. Findings from the Global Rights Index 2025, produced by the International Trade Union Confederation:
In 2025 workers had no access or reduced access to justice in 72% of countries, a sharp increase from 65% in 2024.
The right to strike was violated in 87% of countries.
Attacks on the rights to free speech and assembly were reported in 45% of countries.
The right to the legal registration of unions was impeded in 74% of countries.
The right to collective bargaining was restricted in 80% of countries.
Authorities in 71 countries arrested and/or imprisoned workers, almost twice the rate recorded in 2014.
Workers in 3 out of 4 countries were denied the right to freedom of association and to organise.
Source: Global Rights Index 2025, ITUC
Figure 13: Worldwide decline of freedom
Source: Statista using data from Freedom House
Figure 14: Fifty percent of survey respondents in 28 countries think: "socialist ideals are of great value for societal progress"
Source: Ipsos Social Research Institute: Attitudes towards socialist ideals in the 21st century
Figure 15: Where's the magic money tree? Part I
Almost $US 9 trillion is hidden away in the top 10 tax havens.
Source: Visual Capitalist using data from Atlas of the Offshore World
Figure 16: Where's the magic money tree? Part II
Without the investment in global violence, another world is possible.
Source: Visual Capitalist using data from Institute for Econmics and Peace: Global Peace Index 2025
Notes
- This quote (from Michael Harrington et al, Socialism, New York 1972; HDS eds) is taken from a fairly comprehensive historical summary of the term 'democratic socialism', published by the Rosa Luxemberg Foundation in 2024 and accessible here.
- Many organizations, analysts and reference works use the expression 'democratic socialism' almost interchangeably with social democracy. The U.K. Labour Party, for instance, identifies itself (per clause IV) as a democratic socialist party. The World Population Review categorizes 19 liberal democracies as 'democratic socialist'. Others apply the term more narrowly to describe only Nordic countries, or those socialist parties that seek 'revolution' through the ballot box. Usage has also changed significantly over time. Many commentators place democratic socialism somewhere on a linear scale between social democracy and socialism, ignoring its primary socialist core and inherently pluralist nature. Usage history. The working definition we use is in keeping with definitions put forward by Wikipedia, the Encyclopedia Britannica and Merriam Webster dictionary.

